Saint Martin

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This article is about the Caribbean island. For other uses, see Saint Martin (disambiguation).
Saint Martin
Native name: Sint Maarten (Dutch)
Saint-Martin (French)
Nickname: The Friendly Island
Saint martin map.PNG
Geography
Location Caribbean Sea
Coordinates 18°04′N 63°03′W / 18.067°N 63.050°W / 18.067; -63.050Coordinates: 18°04′N 63°03′W / 18.067°N 63.050°W / 18.067; -63.050
Archipelago Leeward Islands, Lesser Antilles
Area 87 km2 (34 sq mi)
Highest elevation 414 m (1,358 ft)
Highest point Pic Paradis
Sovereignty
French Republic
Overseas collectivity  Saint Martin
Capital city Marigot
Largest city Marigot (pop. 5,700)
Kingdom of the Netherlands
Constituent country  Sint Maarten
Capital city Philipsburg
Largest city Lower Prince's Quarter (8,123)
Demographics
Demonym St. Martiner (French);
St. Maartener (Dutch)
Population 77,741 (as of January 1, 2009)
Density 892 /km2 (2,310 /sq mi)
Philipsburg and the Great Bay.

Saint Martin (French: Saint-Martin; Dutch: Sint Maarten) is an island in the northeast Caribbean, approximately 300 km (190 mi) east of Puerto Rico. The 87 square kilometres (34 sq mi) island is divided roughly 60/40 between France (53 square kilometres (20 sq mi))[1] and the Kingdom of the Netherlands (34 square kilometres (13 sq mi));[2] the two parts are roughly equal in population. It is one of the smallest sea islands divided between two nations, a division dating to 1648. The southern Dutch part comprises Sint Maarten and is one of four constituent countries that form the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The northern French part comprises the Collectivité de Saint-Martin (Collectivity of St. Martin) and is an overseas collectivity of France.

On January 1, 2009 the population of the entire island was 77,741 inhabitants, with 40,917 living on the Dutch side,[3] and 36,824 on the French side.[4]

Collectively, the two territories are known as "St-Martin / St Maarten". Sometimes SXM, the IATA identifier for Princess Juliana International Airport (the island's main airport), is used to refer to the island.

Geography[edit]

Map of Saint Martin

Saint Martin has a land area of 87 km2, 53 km2 of which is under the sovereignty of France,[1] and 34 km² under the sovereignty of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.[2] This is the only land border shared by these two countries anywhere on Earth.

The main cities are Philipsburg (Dutch side) and Marigot (French side). The Dutch side is more heavily populated. The largest settlement on the entire island is Lower Prince's Quarter, on the Dutch side.

The highest hilltop is the Pic Paradis (424 metres (1,391 ft)) on center of a hill chain (French side). But both sides are hilly with large mountain peaks. This forms a valley were many houses are located. There are no rivers on the island, but many dry guts. Hiking trails give access to the dry forest covering tops and slopes.

The island is located south of Anguilla, separated from the British territory by the Anguilla Channel. Saint Martin is northwest of Saint Barthélemy, separated from the French territory by the Saint-Barthélemy Channel.

Climate[edit]

Under the Köppen climate classification, the island has a tropical monsoon climate with a dry season from January to April and a rainy season from August to December.[5] The precipitation patterns are due to the movement of the Azores high during the year.[5] With the wind direction predominantly from the east or the northeast, temperatures remain stable throughout the year and temperatures rarely exceed 34 °C (93 °F) or fall below 20 °C (68 °F).[5] Temperatures remain steady throughout the year with an average mean temperature of 27.2 °C (81.0 °F). The average sea temperature is 27.2 °C (81.0 °F) ranging from a low of 25.9 °C (78.6 °F) in February to a high of 28.4 °C (83.1 °F) in October.[6] The total average yearly rainfall is 1,047 mm (41.2 in), with 142 days of measurable rainfall.[6] Thunderstorms can occasionally occur, with 18 days with thunder per year.[6]


History[edit]

Main article: History of Saint Martin

Timeline[edit]

  • Circa AD 800 — Settled by Arawak Indians who arrived from South America; The Kalinago followed later and gave the island the name Soualiga, or Land of Salt.
  • November 11, 1493 — Claimed for Spain by Christopher Columbus, named Isla de San Martín upon his arrival.
  • 1624 — Some French cultivate tobacco in French Quarter.
  • 1631 — Dutch small colony on Groot Baai ("Great Bay") to collect salt.
  • 1633–1648 — The Spanish navy captures Saint Martin from the Dutch until the peace of Westphalia. Spanish army from Puerto Rico builds the first military fort.[citation needed]
  • March 23, 1648 — Preferring to avoid an all-out war, they signed the Treaty of Concordia, which divided the island in two zones. French (north) and Dutch (south) zones (Dutch zone subordinate to Sint Eustatius until 1672.[7]
  • 1679–1689 — French occupy entire island.
  • 1689–1792 — Dutch zone under Dutch West India Company administration.
  • 1690–1699 — English occupy entire island.
  • 1699–1702 — French occupy entire island.
  • 1703–1717 — Dutch occupy entire island.
  • February 24, 1779 – February 3, 1781 — French occupy entire island.
  • February 3, 1781 – November 26, 1781 — British occupy entire island.
  • May 18, 1793 – April 5, 1794 — Dutch administer entire island.
  • April 29, 1795 – March 24, 1801 — French occupy entire island.
  • March 24, 1801 – December 1, 1802 — British occupy entire island.
  • July 9, 1810 — Annexed along with the Netherlands by France (not effected).
  • 1810–1816 — British occupy entire island.
  • 1816 — French and Dutch zones restored.
  • 1919 — Saba, Sint Eustatius and Sint Maarten united as Netherlands Windward Islands.
  • 1936 — Dutch side officially adopts the Dutch spelling Sint Maarten.
  • December 15, 1954 — Saba, Sint Eustatius and Sint Maarten united with Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao as the Netherlands Antilles, a separate country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands
  • September 4, 1960 — Hurricane Donna hits the island causing extensive damage.
  • January 1, 1986 — Aruba attains a "status aparte" within the Kingdom of the Netherlands and leaves the Netherlands Antilles
  • September 5, 1995 — Hurricane Luis devastates the island.
  • November 20, 1999 — Hurricane Lenny slams the island causing catastrophic damage and claims 3 lives.
  • June 23, 2000 — Referendum on Sint Maarten obtaining a "status aparte" within the Kingdom of the Netherlands receives 68.9% support.
  • December 7, 2003 — The population of the French part of the island votes in favour of secession from Guadeloupe in order to form a separate overseas collectivity (COM) of France.
  • February 22, 2007 — French side becomes a separate overseas collectivity (COM).
  • October 10, 2010 — The Netherlands Antilles are dissolved.[8] Sint Maarten becomes one of four constituent countries that form the Kingdom of the Netherlands.

Details[edit]

Flags flying in Marigot harbor, Saint-Martin.

In 1493, Christopher Columbus embarked on his second voyage to the New World. According to legend, Columbus sighted and perhaps anchored at the island of Saint Martin on November 11, 1493, the feast day of Saint Martin of Tours. In his honor, Columbus named the island San Martin. This name was translated to Sint Maarten (Dutch), Saint-Martin (French) and "Saint Martin" in English.

At Columbus's time, St. Martin was populated, if populated at all, by Carib amerindians. The former Arawaks had been chased by the Caribs coming from the North coast of South America a short time before the arrival of the Spaniards who followed in Columbus' wake. The Arawaks were agricultural people who fashioned pottery and whose social organization was headed by hereditary chieftains who derived their power from personal deities called zemis.

The Caribs' territory was not completely conquered until the mid-17th century when most of them perished in the struggle between the French, English, Dutch, Danes and Spanish for control of the West Indies. The Dutch first began to ply the island's ponds for salt in the 1620s. Despite the Dutch presence on the island, the Spaniards recaptured St. Martin in 1633 and, one year later, built a fort (now Ft. Amsterdam) and another artillery battery at Pointe Blanche to assert their claim and control access to Great bay salt pond. The Spaniards introduced the first African slaves to the area in the 16th century but the main influx of African slaves took place in the 18th century with the development of Sugarcane plantations by the French Protestants and Dutch. Slavery was abolished in the first half of the 19th century, whereupon on some of their territories the British imported Chinese and East Indians to take the place of slaves. Thus, St. Martin and the other islands are populated by a mixture of Amerindian, European, African, Indians and Asian peoples. West Indian cultures such as in St. Martin are, consequently, exceedingly rich and varied.

Border division[edit]

Border crossing between St. Martin and Sint Maarten
A newer monument, crossing from St. Martin to Sint Maarten, dedicated in 2008

On March 23, 1648, France and the Dutch Republic agreed to divide the island between their two territories, with the signing of the Treaty of Concordia.

Folklore surrounds the history of the once ever-changing border division between St. Martin and Sint Maarten, and a popular story among locals narrates that "to divide the island into two sections, [in 1648] the inhabitants were told to choose two walkers, one chosen by the French-dominated community and the other one by the Dutch-dominated community, who were put back to back in one extreme of the island, making them walk in opposite directions while stuck to the littoral line, and not allowing them to run. The point where they eventually met was set as the other extreme of the island, and the subsequently created line was chosen as the frontier, dividing Saint-Martin from Sint Maarten. Seemingly, the French walker had walked more than his Dutch counterpart (each one earned his land, respectively, 54 km² and 32 km²). As the first man chose wine as his stimulant prior to the race, while the latter chose Jenever (Dutch Gin), the difference between such beverages' lightness was said to be the cause of the territorial differences by French locals, while Dutch locals tended to blame the French walker for running."[9][10]

In 1994, the Kingdom of the Netherlands and France signed the Franco-Dutch treaty on Saint Martin border controls, which allows for joint Franco-Dutch border controls on so-called "risk flights". After some delay, the treaty was ratified in November 2006 in the Netherlands, and subsequently entered into force on 1 August 2007. Though the treaty is now in force, its provisions are not yet implemented as the working group specified in the treaty is not yet installed.[citation needed]

St. Martin received the ISO 3166-1 code MF in October 2007.[11] The status of the Dutch side was due to change to a country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands in December 2008, but this was postponed to (and took place on) 10 October 2010.[8] The Dutch part now has ISO 3166-1 code SX.[12]

Economy[edit]

Main article: Economy of Saint Martin

INSEE estimated in 2005 the GDP per capita of Saint Martin for 1999 to be €14,500 (about US$15,400).[13][14]

The main industry of the island is tourism. In 2000, the island had about one million visitors annually. About 85% of the workforce was engaged in the tourist industry.[15]

Demographics[edit]

On January 1, 2009 the population of the entire island of Saint Martin was 77,741 inhabitants, 40,917 of whom lived on the Dutch side of the island,[3] and 36,824 on the French side of the island.[4] A local dialect is spoken informally on both sides of the island.[16]

Culture and tourism[edit]

Main article: Culture of Saint Martin
Simpson Bay, Sint Maarten, Dutch side
Marigot, Saint Martin, French side

St. Martin's Dutch side is known for its festive nightlife, beaches, jewelry, exotic drinks made with native rum-based guavaberry liquors, and numerous casinos (listed here). The island's French side is known for its nude beaches, clothes, shopping (including outdoor markets), and rich French and Indian Caribbean cuisine. English is the most commonly spoken language along with a local dialect. The official languages are French for Saint-Martin, and both Dutch and English for Sint Maarten. Other common languages include various French-based creoles (spoken by immigrants from other French Caribbean islands), Spanish (spoken by immigrants from the Dominican Republic and various South American countries), and Papiamento (spoken by immigrants from Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao).

The island is home to accommodations including hotels, guesthouses, villas, and timeshares, many of which are privately available for rent or sale.

Rental cars are the primary mode of transportation for visitors staying on island. If any driving is expected off the major roads (such as to some of the more secluded beaches), a four-wheel drive or ATV are recommended. Traffic on the island, however, has become a major problem; long traffic jams between Marigot, Philipsburg and the airport are common.

Because the island is located along the intertropical convergence zone, it is occasionally menaced by tropical storm activity in the late summer and early fall.

Neighbouring islands include Saint Barthélemy (French), Anguilla (British), Saba (Dutch), Sint Eustatius "Statia" (Dutch), Saint Kitts and Nevis (independent, formerly British). With the exception of Nevis, all of these islands are easily visible on a clear day from St. Martin.

Shopping[edit]

Shopping on St Maarten and Saint Martin offers duty-free goods in numerous boutiques. Popular goods include local crafts & arts, exotic foods, jewelry, liquor, tobacco, leather goods, as well as most designer goods. Most often the designer goods are offered at significant discounts, often up to 40% lower than US retail prices.

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More pictures here


Saint Martin uses the euro as its currency, while Sint Maarten uses the Netherlands Antillean guilder, pegged at 1.79 per United States dollar. As a consequence of the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles, the Netherlands Antillean guilder will cease to be legal tender and be replaced by the Caribbean guilder in the coming years. Almost every store on the island also accepts the United States dollar, although sometimes a more expensive exchange rate is used (even 1 to 1 is no exception).

Transport[edit]

Air France Airbus A340 landing at Princess Juliana International Airport

Border checks[edit]

Neither side of the island is part of the Schengen Area; full border checks are performed when traveling between the island and Europe. There are rarely checks at the border between the two sides of the island. The Franco-Dutch treaty on Saint Martin border controls requires a working group that has never been set up to harmonize external checks at the two main airports. The Dutch side has expressed concern that following tighter French visa requirements would harm their tourism. Check Immigration Formalities here.

Airports[edit]

Sign warning people that standing too close to the airport fence on Maho Beach can be dangerous.

The island is served by many major airlines that daily bring in large jet aircraft, including Boeing 747s, Airbus A340s, and McDonnell Douglas MD-11s carrying tourists from across the world. The short main runway at Princess Juliana International Airport, and its position between a large hill and a beach, causes some spectacular approaches. Aviation photographers flock to the airport to capture pictures of large jets just a few metres above sunbathers (who are often blown away by the jet blast if they are standing in its path) on Maho Beach. [17]

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There is a small airport on the French side of the island at Grand Case, L'Espérance Airport for small propeller planes serving neighbouring Caribbean islands. It frequently suffers thick fog during the hurricane season due to its location.

See also[edit]

Portal icon Geography portal
Portal icon North America portal
Portal icon Caribbean portal

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ a b INSEE, Government of France. "Démographie des communes de Guadeloupe au recensement de la population de 1999". Retrieved 2009-01-27.  (French)
  2. ^ a b Central Bureau of Statistics Netherlands Antilles. "Area, population density and capital". Retrieved 2009-01-27. 
  3. ^ a b Department of Statistics (STAT) of St. Maarten. "Population, St. Maarten, January 1 st". Retrieved 2012-08-20. 
  4. ^ a b INSEE, Government of France. "Les populations légales 2009 entrent en vigueur le 1er janvier 2012.". Retrieved 2010-08-20.  (French)
  5. ^ a b c "Climate Summaries". Meteorological Department Curaçao. Retrieved February 21, 2013. 
  6. ^ a b c d "Summary of Climatological Data, Period 1971-2000". Meteorological Department Curaçao. Retrieved February 21, 2013. 
  7. ^ About Saint Martin
  8. ^ a b St. Maarten-St. Martin - Consensus, but no date set for new status
  9. ^ Frank Jacobs (April 24, 2012). "One Island, Two Countries". The New York Times. 
  10. ^ Pérez, Abón Satur (Chief Editor) (1980). Nueva Geografía Universal, Tomo IX, América. (New Universal Geography, Volume IX, America). Promexa. p. 19. ISBN 84-7113-130-7. 
  11. ^ ISO 3166-1 Newsletter.Assignment of code elements for Saint-Barthélemy and Saint-Martin and update of France and other French Territories
  12. ^ ISO 3166-1 Newsletter. Code elements for Bonaire, Saint Eustatius and Saba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten (Dutch part), update of other territories and minor corrections
  13. ^ Estimation du PIB de Saint-Barthélemy et de Saint-Martin, INSEE.
  14. ^ World Development Indicators, World Bank. Accessed on 30 July 2012.
  15. ^ CIA Factbook
  16. ^ Holm (1989) Pidgins and Creoles, vol. 2
  17. ^ Aviation Photos: Philipsburg / St. Maarten - Princess Juliana (SXM / TNCM), Airliners.net.

References[edit]

  • Baldachino, Godfrey (2006), "The Impact of Public Policy on Entrepreneurship: A Critical Investigation of the Protestant Ethic on a Divided Island Jurisdiction," Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship 19 (4), pp. 419–430.
  • Dana, Leo Paul (1990), “Saint Martin/Sint Maarten: A Case Study of the Effects of Politics and Culture on Economic Development,” Journal of Small Business Management XXVIII (4) October, pp. 91–98.
  • Dana, Leo Paul (2010), Entrepreneurship & Religion, Cheltenham, United Kingdom: Edward Elgar, ISBN 978-1-84720-572-8.
  • Houston, Lynn Marie (2005). Food Culture in the Caribbean. Greenwood Press, 2005. ISBN 0-313-32764-5.

External links[edit]

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